These recent books from Cambridge take different approaches to a common topic. Both infuse new content into a category term: “bourgeois” or “middle-class” society, as it dominated the production of nineteenth-century art through private or state patronage, individual purchase, exhibitions, and the press. The fifteen essays collected and introduced by Andrew Hemingway and William Vaughan begin with Britain (five essays) but then turn to shorter sections on France (three essays), Germany (four essays) and the...